Who S The Real Terrorist

In the video they make strong arguments on what errors is and who are the terrorist. The video does indeed reach its audience and provides a clear message. Ethos The Classroom debate scene doesn't introduce anybody however it does show credibility threw out the video and uses well known actors. The scene in itself shows a lot of credibility ultimately because it is set up as a classroom discussion, setting. The instructor also shows he knows what he is talking about simply because he is throwing out data with numbers. Ultimately numbers make's anything more credible and sometimes even more believable.The student who is shown on the video who is defending the Muslims is a Hindu actor named, Ivies Oberon. While the professor is a well- known star named USAF All Kahn. The rest of the classes are random pro American actors that no one really knows. The audience will automatically agree with the famous and well-known actors. Whereas with the random students who the audience isn't familiar with them will most likely disagree with them. For instance companies use this strategy. They use role models and well known celebrities. For example Lebanon James a well-known basketball player is sponsored by Nikkei, McDonald's, and Coca-Cola.The Meany's intention is target there audience and get there point across. Considering there point being that if, Lebanon James eats or wears this so should you. That's how they attempted to manipulate there targeted audience and get their message across just like in the Exurban debate scene. This automatically gives the actors more credibility in the sense that they actually know what they're talking about unlike the underground actors, consequently takes away their credibility. As a result the actors being used can make their argument stronger and credible.Logos The video scene begins when the teacher states that â€Å"Islam is a religion that reaches peace and tolerates† (Exurban-Classroom Debate Scene, . 32 seconds). As soon as th e instructor finishes one of the students exclaims â€Å"if Islam truly is a religion that preaches peace how come they have the world's most trouble spots like the west bank, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran there all plagued with Islamic terrorism. † (Exurban-Crisscross Debate Scene, . 37 seconds). The student uses a faulty deduction in here statement, she uses composition.She is assuming that all terrorist are Muslims by generalizing that the world most trouble spots are all thanks to Islamic terrorism. Threw UT the movie scene there is quite a lot of logical appeal. The video shows its logical appeal in various ways. They persuade the audience by exposing the United States and claiming that the US is only in the Middle East for the oil and that the Taliban was a creation of the CIA in other words it can be characterized as a lie since there really is no proof or it can also be an appeal to anonymous authority.Despite that, the video gives numbers and compare how more peopl e die in Afghanistan bombing than in 9-1 1 . The student compares how much people have died in Afghanistan bombing being which as more than 15,000 while 9-1 1 had around 3000. The logical appeal is clearly valid and effective to the audience since they support their statements and provide information. To sum it up at the end of the video the student even ends with logical appeal by stating that just because there elites and wear a fancy suit doesn't make them any different than other terrorist.This must have been one of the strongest logical appeal that one of the students states. It makes the audience kind of remove that blind fold that the government has had them have on. It changes the perspective and in a way makes the targeted audience open there eyes. Pathos The emotional appeal is clear throughout the video. You can see the anger in the student who argues how American's are the real terrorist oppose to the other students who are against the Islam religion, they show an expres sion of being worn out of the argument.The student showing his anger convinces the audience in the way of how tired he is of Americans showing there hypocrisy on how the terrorist are Islam religion. While the student who are expressing themselves as worn out help out the argument even more by showing how he has exposed them, which truly will impact the audiences . The video ends with the pro Muslim student showing his anger. His expression makes it look like all Muslims are fed up with Americans stepping in their soil and taking advantage and just bombing there country.The student makes the argument more emotional and appealing as well as the depressing background music. Conclusion In conclusion the movie scene covered the three different rhetorical strategies by either supporting its argument or not making it weaker. The artifact does indeed reach its purpose in persuading and convincing its audience since its argument is based on facts. The video mainly mention on owe the US was bad and are terrorist and gave little information on how Muslims are also terrorist.

Barilla Spa

Nowadays, manufacturing and services firms face growing challenges to increase profit margins amidst increasingly fiercer competition. Under such circumstances, industry analysts and supply chain experts suggest manufacturers and service providers to promote more effective supply and demand planning, management, and execution as the means to unlocking significant gains in margins. By definition, Search CIO (2007) defines SCM as the management of information, materials, and finances along a chain of process from suppliers to manufacturers and then from manufacturers to customers.The interests in the discussion of supply chain management occur since it relates to costs reduction in all aspects of business process especially regarding the inventory reduction that suggests manufacturer produce goods when needed. The situation highlights that supply chain management will enhance lead time (time-to-market) of particular products, thus enabling all parties within an organization to manage t heir resources more effectively. Concerning the issue, this paper will describe supply chain management issue in Barilla spA, an Italian manufacturer that sells their products to its retailers mainly via third-party distributors.The competition in the market has caused unfavorable situation for Barilla during late 1980s when the company faced unpredictable demands from its distributors. 2. What are the reasons for the increase in variability in Barilla’s supply chain? Barilla maintains separate supply chain because the company has two general products: fresh and dry products, which required special treatment. In this situation, fresh products is mainly purchased from the two central distribution centers (CDCs) by independent agents who further channeled the products into 70 regional warehouses across Italy.Meanwhile, about two third of dry products are sold at supermarkets. Figure 1 explains the supply chain systems for Barilla. Figure 1 Barilla Distribution Systems 3. How ca n Barilla cope with the increase in variability? In order to succeed the distribution system, Barilla is known to practice the replenishment strategy, which describes an agreement between Barilla and their supplier to share the data about frequency and inventory levels to match Barilla demands (About. com, 2008).By delivering the products under the agreement with suppliers, Barilla is able to support their Just in time (JIT) distribution system, which is considered to be the optimum strategy to accomplish the company’s mission of having increased customers satisfaction. 4. What is the impact of transferring demand information across the supply chain? By sharing information between Barilla and their suppliers, there are positive impacts since the combination of JIT and replenishment strategy supports the demand fluctuations, reduced inventory level at warehouse, decreased stock-out levels etc.5. Can the Vendor Managed Inventory strategy solve the operational problems faced by Barilla? In Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) strategy, the suppliers have greater responsibility over the supply since they are required to determine the delivery frequency and inventory levels in order to maintain the agreed stock levels in warehouses. In addition, the practice of this system also helps Barilla to track out-of-stocks and other performance data, previous years’ sales history and trends.Therefore, the practice of Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) has solved the operational problems at Barilla. 6. How can the supply chain meet conflicting goals of different partners and facilities? In order to avoid the conflict between different partners and suppliers of Barilla, the company must ensure that the implementation of Just in Time system will help the maintenance of satisfaction in services, inventory levels, and stock-out levels and others in which each supplier has taken part of the system.In addition, Barilla must also ensure that within implementation steps, the use of EDI to deliver the inventory information is the same among suppliers so the reliability can be secured and the compatibility level can be reached. Reference: About. com. (2008). Reduce Inventory with these 3 Supplier Partnership Strategies. Retrieved September 7, 2008 from http://logistics. about. com/od/inventoryoptimization/a/supplier_partnr. htm Hammond, Janice H. (2008). Barilla SpA (A). Harvard Business School.O’Brien, Kevin and Brian Springman. (2004). Optimizing Supply Chains, Understanding Demands. Retrieved September 7, 2008 from http://www. crmbuyer. com/story/35892. html Search CIO. (2007). Supply Chain Management. Retrieved September 7, 2008 from http://searchcio. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid19_gci214546,00. html YAO Kao-hua, LIU Chang-chuan. (2006). An Integrated Approach for Measuring Supply Chain Performance. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing. Vol. 2, No. 10

Auditing and Assurance Services (Australian) Assignment

Auditing and Assurance Services (Australian) - Assignment Example 45 and Wen, 2011). The audit plan will, thus, include procedures to gather â€Å"audit evidence of events or conditions and related business risks† that will impact the Group’s â€Å"ability to continue as a going concern† (ASA 570, par. 17). There should also be procedures to review management’s assessment, if there’s any, or to discuss with management its assessment of the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern (ASA 570, par. 19 and 20). The subsequent events review should also emphasize reviewing subsequent events that may or may not indicate that the Group still has the ability to continue as a going concern. Related to the going concern issue is the news that the financial guarantors of Reliance Rail had claimed that there were already â€Å"events of default under the consortium’s debt financing documents† (Kelly, 2011). In addition, page 44 of the 2011 Annual Report stated that, â€Å"based on legal advice receiv ed†, the claim is not expected to â€Å"adversely affect the delivery† of the Project’s contract. With this development, the audit plan, in the assessment of the Company’s internal control structure, should include procedures to assess how management identifies legal matters for recording or for disclosure. The plan should also include an initial independent assessment on whether or not this issue is actually a legal matter and if it is, plans to obtain representations from the Company’s or the Group’s legal counsel should be incorporated. Significant Accounts and Balances Page 41 of the 2011 Annual Report disclosed that the Group is using the Forecast – Cost – At Completion or FCAC to estimate the total costs it will incur in the project. The cost components are based on management’s assumptions, estimates and judgment and these significantly affect a lot of accounts and balances in the Group’s financial statement s. There is, thus, a need to understand management’s processes and assumptions for coming up with these estimates, how they affect the individual balances and what will happen to the balances if the actual costs are not consistent with the estimates. When auditing the related expenses (such as materials and labour), the significant assertions that should be included in the audit plan are completeness, accuracy and cut – off. Since the risk of misstatement and the audit risk for these balances are higher, the materiality level should be set at the lower range (i.e., 1% - 2% of pre – tax income) and the preliminary materiality level should be set accordingly and documented through the audit planning documents. Page 43 of the 2011 Annual Report disclosed that â€Å"approximately 170,000 hours of Engineering and 60,000 hours of Drafting will be applied to the project at a fully burdened labour rate†. With this, the labour account will be classified as a signi ficant account for audit purposes, with a high risk of misstatement. The audit plan should include assessing and testing internal controls that are related to labour costing (regular and overtime costs), inputting of man – hours, calculating payroll costs and summarizing the total cost for the period. Information Technology (IT) audit should also be considered to test the internal controls around the IT infrastructure to assess if labour cost is being appropriately recorded and summarized in the computerized system. Substantive audit procedures should revolve around testing and analysing the actual

Development of A HRM Strategic Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development of A HRM Strategic Plan - Assignment Example The basic functions of HRD are attracting best candidates, reducing employee turnover, and to enhance the productivity of the employees (Taylor, 2005, p.1). It is a critical factor that contributes highly towards gaining a competitive advantage in the marketplace. One of the most important aspects of an HRM strategy is to determine the type of candidate required in the organization carry out organizational tasks. Also organizations arrange various kinds of programs for the purpose of satisfying their employees, and the responsibility for arranging it also falls in the shoulders of the human resource department. HRM strategy also plays a crucial role in the overall organizational culture. Furthermore training and development is also one of the most important functions of the Human resource department. In the context of the project a property management company has been chosen where the new HR strategy will be developed. The HR strategy will focus on the different aspects of managing the human resource of the organization. It will also emphasize on the recruitment strategies of some other organizations in order to formulate a competitive strategy. In order formulate a sound HRM strategy of the organization and to add more value to it, the HRM strategy of 3 other companies have been analyzed. However the names of the companies have not been disclosed due to some privacy policies. In order to get insights about the strategies of the chosen companies an interview session was held. The sample questions that were asked to the HR managers of those companies are follows:- Regarding leave policy there are a small differences among the chosen companies. Company A allows 28 leaves in a calendar year, company B allows 25 leaves while Company C allows 30 leaves in a calendar year. Also these companies allow special leave on

The 'colored revolutions' of Eastern Europe and their success factors Essay

The 'colored revolutions' of Eastern Europe and their success factors - Essay Example The egalitarian revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe have been labeled as the conclusion of the "third wave" of worldwide democratization that instigated in Spain and Portugal in the mid-1970s. It is certainly alluring to see the breakdown of the Soviet territory as segment of a universal disintegration of autocracies. This opinion surely prejudiced how the democratic changeover in Eastern and Central Europe has been observed in the West (as the "end of history") as well as by some of its characters. Ten years after, nonetheless, even with widespread Western exertions at democracy advancement, the democratic current has rather withdrawn, leaving a depiction of accomplishments in Central Europe (along with in Latin America and fragments of Asia) counterbalance by hindrances in the earlier Soviet Union and the Balkans (but similarly in China and most of Africa) (Jacques, 2000). Body The examination of the consequences of domestic changes for the local system of international dealings should take place from the implication of the main factors and procedures, which formed the post-soviet space design in the last decade. The first amongst these is the procedure of state and nation-structuring in the Afresh Independent States. Fresh political leaders in the previous Soviet states had a particular image of their state-projects which, as a law, protected Euro-Atlantic ambitions and, in reality, detached relations with Russia as well collaboration in the post-Soviet region from the list of primacies in their foreign policy schedules. Secondly, these objectives, along with the fluctuations in Europe and its boundary, stemmed in the participation of outside troupes in the post-soviet district - US, EU, NATO, and the Western European countries, and, some local actors, i.e. Poland, Turkey, China, , etc. The third actor in the post-Soviet district was Russia, which was sign ificantly annoyed by the appearance by the above-mentioned influences in its Immediate Abroad, as Moscow had its own fairly dissimilar vision for the expansion of this region (Samokhvalov, 2005). Examination of the second upsurge of democratic evolution in Eastern and Central Europe’s â€Å"color revolutions† has inclined to emphasize on fundamental variables such as district dispersion, leadership policy, and popular demonstration. However it may be imprecise to label the post-communist dictatorial throughputs the area has seen as part of a â€Å"surge†; elongated-term variables such as state and event capability and the power of a country’s association to the West may apprehended shed light on why certain nations have observed such revolutions whereas others have not (Way, 2008). The discussion on the color revolutions is mainly about the comparative significance credited to dispersion versus certain main operational factors. Amongst these features is t he amount and influence of Western force, which fluctuates subject to the degree of connection to Western Europe as well as the United States. In the stumpy-association previous Soviet states, domestic powers—particularly, the strong suit of the mandatory state and political party—

European Union Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Union - Term Paper Example This paper will also outline various aspects that shape business among EU member states such as the law as well as other constraints that may exist. Having realised the destructive effects and killings caused by WW2, Europe is split into East and West. â€Å"West European nations create the Council of Europe in 1949. It is a first step towards cooperation between them, but six countries want to go further† European Union, 2013). Essentially, the main reason of cooperation among the European countries was to promote peace and economic activity among member states. The member states agreed that they will run their heavy industries involving coal and iron under common management and that the member states of the organization would not turn against each other. Initially, the Council of Europe was comprised of six founding countries namely: Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. After realising the success of the Coal Treaty, the member states expanded coo peration to include other sectors of the economy. Ideally, the aim was to create a situation where people, goods as well as services could freely move across borders. As time moved, more countries joined the EU and more laws and policies were formulated to strengthen the ties among the member states. The single market was established in the early 2000s and it sought to establish four freedoms: the free movement of goods, services, people and money (EU, 2013). In 2004 the 25 EU countries sign a Treaty establishing a European Constitution. According to the EU website, this decision was meant to democratise the decision-making and management in an EU. A single currency, the Euro is then introduced and meant for commercial and financial transactions only among the member states. This liberalised trade among all member states such that they no longer face any trade barriers when they want to engage in trade with other member states. The main advantaged of free trade is that the member st ates can immensely benefit since they would not be subject to harsh operational conditions such as high tariffs when trade is taking place between non-member states. The EU has also been designed in such a way that it attracts investment in different member countries. There are high chances of economic growth and development when investment tales place in different countries. Jobs are created and more revenue will be generated from such programs. The EU also plays a pivotal role in assisting developing countries so that they can also develop their economies. This bloc also promotes trade with the developing countries where it also benefits from the raw materials that are not found in this area. The EU has created equality among all member states where it can be observed that they can engage in fair trade. Fair trade practices among the member states are intended to stimulate economic growth as well as to improve the welfare of the citizens in the member states. In as far as the rule s that guide the operations of the EU are concerned, it can be seen that an agreement is reached before they are adopted as laws. The EU also set trade practices and standards among all members and these ought to be followed by all nations involved. 2. The EU

Read the chapter 8-9 from this book Indian Art, rev. ed., by Roy Assignment

Read the chapter 8-9 from this book Indian Art, rev. ed., by Roy Craven - Assignment Example According to Jonathan, the Ise shrine played an important role in the architectural structures developed in the Japanese culture after the World War II. The Japanese modernists have been seen to be the original heirs to the cultural legacy that is related to the Ise shrine. Ise which is a model of the architecture of the Japanese brought the Shinto shrine at Ise into limelight during the post war period. Therefore, after the World War II, the Ise as a symbol of religious site and also a symbol based on imperial institution changed to be an aesthetic contemplation object (Gardner et al 534). Photography played a major role in catalyzing the transformation of this site. Yoshio’s photographs that are exceptional gave an insight of shrine complex when viewed from the inside. This brought down the visual and spatial barriers that once existed when the shrines were considered to be regiopolitical aura. As a result, this has changed the nationalistic rhetoric shrill that existed during the World War II to the shrine being becoming a public institution (Gardner et al 534). According to Jonathan’s argument, modernists have embraced the fact that shrines at Ise came into being during the World War II and maintains historical legacy that is complex in nature and is related to the Japanese culture. The history from the shrine has emanated into new cultural practices. The religious practices like Ise being a site for the key purpose of worship of the divine ancestors has since changed to the aesthetic value used architectural

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Ethics - Essay Example The problem with these principles is that it does not explain what happens to those violating the rules that would lead to achievement of happiness for majority in society. This theory should maintain its utility principle as ultimate standard and no principle in society should stand against it (Baier 41). This theory fails to state which human rights could not be violated for the benefit of the entire society. For instance, murder of an innocent person would seem to be accepted if it served the role of the greatest majority. The issue of abortion has been a subject of heated debate in society and people seem to be having different opinions. According to utilitarianism principle, abortion is bad since it will not promote greatest good of society if the fetus is terminated. Social ethics focuses on what is right conduct and living good life. This branch of philosophy describes how people relate to each other in society or social institutions such as family and business. It is the duty of everyone to support those in authority and live according to the laid down societal norms. It is the responsibility of citizens to nurture moral philosophy of other people in order to develop strong friendship and engage in social relationship for the good of society. Most people in society are ignorant of social ethics as they are not aware of the unwritten social ethics that society has programmed since its inception (Baier 39). The main reason for this action is that everyone is not made aware of social ethics in the same way. Social ethics are part of an individual’s education and that it depends entirely on observation. Different people view or observe society in different manner. Abortion is a social dilemma, according to social ethics, aborting means killing or murder since that fetus has got life. Using this theory of social ethics, abortion would not be condoned. Egoism is based on

Health Care Challenges Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Challenges Memo - Essay Example The advantage that comes with subnetting is that most data will be managed effectively and also the speed of the network will improve in folds. Most health care organizations have been able to implement networks into their communications systems as such information flow and exchange between departments. To enable they have various network infrastructures and configurations (Martina Ziefle, 2010). First is the data center that hosts the hospitals administrative and patient care operations. The most common infrastructures used in healthcare are integrated services Digital Network (ISDN) technology and communication satellite technology. The former enables the merging of separate networks into a single high speed communication infrastructure through digital transmission as well as switching. The networks can either be broadband or narrowband. The common configurations or protocols here are circuit switched work, packet switched network and cell switched networks. The latter consists of satellites, a system control center as well as getaways. The bandwidth of the satellite network infrastructure is wide and it is also secure (M artina Ziefle, 2010). Data that is being transmitted over the network and especially that which contains large files such as those needed for maintaining radiology films and other results that must be maintained and transferred are numerous. First off, the data may be delayed over the network and may even lead to the jamming of the network (Misra, Misra, & Woungang, 2010). This reduces the speed of the network and at its worse may lead to the closure of the network. This therefore makes subnetting efficient since such a problem will be taken care of. To allow the segregation of data there are a range of equipments that must be in place this includes: multiservice router, multilayer switch, optical multiservice platforms,

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay According to Google (2015), the definition of critical thinking is, The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment. Basically, it means making an impartial, factual decision based on data and information received. Kirby, Goodpaster and Levine (1999), described creative thinking, organization, logical thinking, scientific thinking, persuasive thinking, and problem solving as all being part of critical thinking. Ellis and Toft (2015) states, Psychologist Benjamin Bloom described six kinds of thinking: Level 1: Remembering Level 2: Understanding Level 3: Applying Level 4: Analyzing Level 5: Evaluating Level 6: Creating By using all 6 components to critical thinking, we can find facts to substantiate our beliefs and decisions. They are all interconnected and will improve with practice.   After having taken the ELI Ethical Lens Inventory, the findings showed me that my preferred ethical lens is Reputation. This indicates that I oftentimes, listen to my intuition (sensibility) to determine what character traits and virtues best serve the community (equality). Per the ELI, my blind spot is unrealistic role expectations. It stated that because I rely so strongly on the virtues associated with various roles, I run the risk of developing unrealistic role expectations, forgetting that people are fallible regardless of their role. I disagree with this finding. People are human and by nature fallible beings. There are none perfect. My personal ethics are based on my Spiritual beliefs. I believe in God as the Creator of all. He is my higher authority and as such, the edicts and principles in the Bible, (scriptures inspired by God), are that which my personal ethics are based off of. I make decisions based on the Word of God. It helps by giving a clear depiction of right and wrong. Even knowing this however, does not mean that one is infallible. In the professional  environment, individuals are given an  organizations Code of Conduct whenever they become a part of it. This Code tells in detail, what exactly is required of a new member or employee. By accepting membership or employment with an   organization, you must agree to comply with the Code of Conduct or risk disciplinary action and or termination from the organization. Many friends have a Code that they live by. These are usually unwritten rules that are established as relationships form a closer bond. Breaking the Code might negatively affect the friendship or end it permanently, due to trust being broken. In conclusion, critical thinking is very complex, but we all seem to have the ability to use it on different levels. Continued utilization of the process of critical thinking will enable one with the ability to make sound decisions based on facts.

Profiling Human Hair with FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Profiling Human Hair with FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics ABSTRACT Profiling of Human Hairs using FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Technique Aufa Madihah Binti Mohamad Anwar 1122204 Hair is any of the fine threadlike strands growing from the skin of humans can be found in crime scene due to interaction between victim, perpetrator and/or witness as explained in Locard’s Principle. This papers aim is to compare, categorize and identify human hair fiber using FTIR spectrometer and Chemometrics techniques. Hair samples will be collected from 200 subjects (Malay Women) of different ages groups. 50 samples will be collected from age group of people (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, >60). FTIR spectra will be obtained from each samples. The spectra of FTIR reflect the chemical and physical nature of a hair which can be classified in different group using Chemometrics techniques such as PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Keyword: FTIR, Chemometrics, Locard’s Principle, PCA Research Methodology 6.1 Materials Material uses in this experiment will be human hair. 50 strands will be collected for each group of age and the total hair strand obtained will be 200 strands: 6.2 Methods 6.2.1 Human Hair sample collection Human hair will be collected according to their age group (50 strands from each group of age). The hair fibers taken will be from telogen (fall naturally) phase and anagen (the root was cut) phase of the hair growth cycle. The hair fibers will be placed in a plastic bag and labeled accordingly. 6.3 Analysis 6.3.1 Revised IAEA Method for Cleaning Hair Fibers The cleaning process is needed to preserved hair samples for the elemental analysis. (Cargnello et al., 1995) The hair fibers will undergo ultrasonic vibration (sonicating) in each solutions for 10 minutes or less. This procedure will be done to minimize the damage of the cuticle surface. First, the hair fibers will be transferred to a small glass vial and will be covered with high purity acetone. The vial was then will be placed in Ultrasonic Disintegrator (Figure 6). The hair fibers will be sonicate of at 20 kHz for 10 minutes at the least. The acetone will be poured out and the hair will be rinsed with HPLC-grade water. These steps will be repeated again and for the last steps, the hair fibers will be rinsed and sonicated in de-ionized water inside the glass vial for 10 minutes. After all the cleaning process ended, the hair fiber will be dried under vacuum for two days before being analyzed. Figure 6 : Ultrasonic Disintegrator – Sonicater for the hair fibers 6.3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy A FTIR Spectrometer with Diamond ATR Smart Accessory (Figure 7) will be used in this procedure. The spectra of hair fibers will be recorded using the spectrometer. Figure 7: FTIR Spectrometer with Diamond Smart Accessory The parameters of FTIR-ATR for the analysis (Table 2): Before analyzing and collecting the spectrum from the hair samples, a background spectrum will be recorded. The hair fibers will then going through spectral sampling process : The fibers will be placed across the diamond crystal and will be pressed (to obtain a good contact) using the pressure tower. Spectrum will be recorded. The collected data will be saved on the Spectral Software Program (as .SPC files). Spectral Processing The recorded spectral will be saved as .SPC files and are imported into the spectral software package for spectral processing as .SPA files. First of all, the baseline of the spectra will be corrected and the offset will be set to zero. Then, the spectra will be trimmed so that it will be in the range of ÃŽ ±-keratin absorption bands which is 1759-785 cm-1 range (major characteristic of ÃŽ ±-keratin). The trimmed spectral will then be transferred to an Excel spreadsheet and saved as an .XLS file. Raw Data Matrix and Chemometric Analysis Pre-processing of data is defined as â€Å"mathematical manipulation of a data is used due to primary analysis†. (Arnberg R. et al., 1998).This step helps in eliminating or decreasing unrelated sources (systematic or random errors). Variance Scaling Scaling steps will be done prior to the fact that the treatment considers both the measurement unit of the values and the origin of scale. (Meloun M. et al., 1992) Scaling is needed to include: Cartesian system’s shift of the origin, Axes’ contraction or expansion. Double Centring Double string will be obtained by subtracting the mean of each row x (x-mean centring) and row y (y-mean centring). This procedure reduces the effect of the variance component reflected by PCI of the un-pretreated data set and removes common spectral features. (Kokot S. et al., 1997) Equation 1 and Equation 2 (Meloun M. et al., 1992) described the process above: Yim = xim – x.mEquation 1 Continued by; zim = yim yi Equation 2 Where; yim = column centred datum xim = datum in row I and column m before centring x.m = mean of column m = xim / I zim = double centred datum Standardization The standardization procedure is included to equalize the variance of each variable and to remove the weighting that is artificially imposed by the scale of the variables. (Arnberg R. et al., 1998) Standardization process can be described in the equation 3 and 4 below: yim = xim / sm Equation 3 Where; sm = (xim – x.m)2  ½ Equation 4 I – 1 = the estimate of the standard deviation of the variable, xm, about its mean. Albano et al. state that â€Å"standardization of each subset separately gives better resolution in latent variable modeling of subsets†. (Albano et al., 1981) Auto-scaling Combination of column centring and standardization is known auto-scaling. It can be represented by Equation 5 (Meloun M. et al., 1992): zim = (yim – yi) / sm Equation 5 Chemometric Analysis The doubled centred matrices will be imported into the software that cans multivariate analysis and experimental design. The processed matrices will produce the resultant PCA scores plots, loading plots and fuzzy clustering tables. Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) The multivariate analysis method (PROMETHEE and GAIA) will find the relationships between the objects and variables severally. The matrix data will then undergoes packaging for decision making. Chemometrics Chemometrics helps in analysis of spectral data by solving the calibration problem. It uses statistical and mathematical methods to correlate quality parameters to analytical instrument data. The data will be observed and recorded. Then, patterns in data will be brought out and modeled. The modeled patterns will be used for data analysis in future. (Einax J.W. et al., 1997) 6.3.5.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA is a well-known pattern recognition method for pertaining to any procedure involving multivariate (two or more variables) data analysis problems. Identification and discrimination of the objects can be obtained with the help of PCA whereby it is a data reduction technique. Data reduction technique is when the information is sorted into a data matrix using selected variables that define the columns and rows which was designated with sample measurements. PCjk = aj1xk1 + aj2xk2 + †¦ ajnxkn Equation 6 Where; PCjk = value for object k and principal component j aj1 = variable 1 on object k value xk1 = variable 1 on component j measurement n = original variables total number 6.3.5.2 SIMCA (Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy) Classification is defines as the process of categorizing something according to same qualities or characteristics. SIMCA is supervised method for classification of data. The method requires a training (test) data set consisting of samples where their origins are known. PCA is used to develop a model of each class within the test set. The users will select the members of a set. A model can be representing by the equation (Chatfield C., 1980): Xki = Xi + + ajiujk + eki Equation 7 Where; p = number of the principal components in the class model eki = residual value of object k on variable i Gant Chart for Research Timeline Expected Results The research regarding human scalp hair resulted in new database on human hair according to their age group for woman, Malay. With the help of chemometrics method the human hair database can be created. The data obtained from Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy which was then analyze and modeled through chemometrics and the new database is set. In the database, the human hair was classified according to their age group and the composition that differs the age. Through the research, it shows that in human hair the amount of amino acid (protein) differs. As the age increase, the amounts of amino acid (protein) decrease and as the age lower the amino acid (protein) higher. 9.0 Conclusion This study is proposed to help creating a new database besides furthering investigation on human hair as physical evidence. Theory of physical evidence can be quoted from Locard’s Principal which stated that â€Å"every contact leaves a trace. Physical evidence cannot be faulty; it can’t perjure itself, and it always present. Only human failure to study, explore and understand it can diminish its worth†. Furthermore, fibers evidence is often found at the crime scene. Thus, in creating this new database it can aids in forensic process. The human hair samples that was obtained from different age group (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, >60) but same gender and race undergoes FTIR spectroscopy to detect the amount of amino acid (protein). The data was then was analyze using chemometrics. In short, it can be concluded that the amount of amino acid (protein) is inversely proportional to the age group.